REGIONAL PERSONALITY AS AN OBSTACLE TOREGIONAL PLANNING ANDCOMMUNITY ACTION
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Authors Cipriani, Ralph J.
Publisher The University of Arizona.
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http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555355
REGIONAL PERSONALITY AS AN OBSTACLE TO- REGIONAL PLANNING ANDCOMMUNITY ACTION
t>y
Ralph J . C iprian i
AN INTERNSHIP REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THECOMMITTEE
ON URBAN PLANNING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN THE GRADUATE COLLEGE
THE UNIVERSITY-OF ARIZONA
■ - v L U C H O f A 2 C K ; 7 £ C 7 i , ; : £ ''U'.iJEwr-/oy
1975
S ta tem en t by Author
T h i s i n t e r n s h i p r e p o r t h a s been s u b m i t te d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f r e q u i r e m e nt s f o r an ad v an ced d e g r e e a t The U n i v e r s i t y of A r i z o n a and i s d e p o s i t e d i n b o t h t h e U n i ve r s i t y o f A r i z o n a Urban P l a n n i n g D e p a r t m en t a l L i b r a r y and t h e C o l l e g e o f A r c h i t e c tu r e L i b r a r y t o be made a v a i l a b l e t o anyone w i th an i n t e r e s t i n t h e s u b j e c t -
B r i e f q u o t a t i o n s f rom t h i s i n t e r n s h i pr e p o r t a r e a l l o w a b l e w i t h o u t s p e c i a l p er m i s s i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t a c c u r a t eacknowledgm ent o f s o u r c e i s m ade- R e q u e s t s f o r pe r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n d e d q u o t a t i o n o r r e pr o d u c t i o n o f t h i s m a n u s c r i p t i n w ho le o r in p a r t may be g r a n t e d by t h e head o f t h e m a jo r d ep a r t m e n t when, i n h i s ju d g m e n t , t h e p r o p o se d u s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s i n t h e i n t e r e s t so f s c h o l a r s h i p . I n a l l o t h e r i n s t a n c e s ,h o w ever , p e r m i s s i o n must be o b t a i n e d from t h ea u t h o r .
T h i s i n t e r n s h i p r e p o r t h a s b e e n a p p ro ved on t h e d a t e shown be low :
APPROVAL BY INTERNSHIP REPORT DIRECTOR
Thomas P. S a a r i n e nP r o f e s s o r o f Urban P l a n n in g and Geography and Area Dev.
Date
( i )TABLE OP CONTENTS
Acknowledgements i iL is t o f Tables i i iL is t o f F igures ii iIn troduction 1
The Regional S e ttin g The P lanning Agency-O rganization o fthe Planning Commission
• Structure o f the In ternsh ip gC hronological Summary o f Pro jec ts n
and A c t iv i t ie s Involved In
D eta iled D escrip tion o f the Area 12The General S itu a tion 16A ctors, P ercep tion s, Roles 18The Proposal 21A nalysis25
Evaluation o f the In ternsh ip 31Recommendations 33
Appendices 55R eferences 42
coin
ro
Acknowledgements
In g r a t itu d e , I would l ik e to thank P ro fesso r ThomasSaarinen fo r h is guidance and c r it ic is m during th e w r iting o f t h is report; Dr. Henry C. Hightower fo r h is e x c e lle nt advice and communications w hile I was in Ohio and West V irg inia ; and Mr. Robert Wirgau, E xecutive D irecto r o f th e Brooke-Hanco*ck-Jefferson M etropolitan Planning Commission, fo r h is a s sis ta n c e , advice and coop eration in fu rn ish in g maps anddata fo r the rep o rt.
My sp e c ia l thanks are due to Mr. and Mrs. Robert C ip ria ni, my p a ren ts, whose s a c r i f i c e s , g en ero s ity andencouragement have g iven me th e opportunity to see and experiencemuch more o f America than most people do in th e ir f i r s t twenty-th ree y ea rs , meet scores o f people from d iv ersebackgrounds and attend two f in e u n iv e r s i t ie s . Withoutth e ir h e lp , I would have had no in tern sh ip to base t h isreport on.
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L is t o f Tables
Table 1 - Work Program. ................ 6Table 2 - Cost estim ates involved ................ 14
in c lea n in g up the a ir in the co u n try 's urban a reas.
Table 3 - Comparison o f se le c te d ................ 16v a ria b le s between theSteub en ville-W eirton SMSA and the averagefo r a l l 243 SMSAs.
L is t o f F igu res
Figure 1 - BHJ R egion. 4Figure 2 - BHJ O rganization . 10Figure3 - Map showing lo c a t io n ................. 13
o f Whe eling-P i11sb urgh S t e e l ' s p r in c ip a l steelmak ing , f in is h in g and fa b r ic a t in g p la n ts .
F igure 4 - L ocation o f American .............. .. 13E le c tr ic ' s power p la n ts in the Upper Ohio V a lley .
Figure 5 - Downtown m all p ro p o sa l.......................24Figure 6 - Proposal re fe re n c e . ................ 26
In trodu ction
Purpose and Scone
This report i s based on my e ig h t month experience as an intern at the Brooke-H anco*ck-Jefferson M etropolitan P lanningCommission during 1974. The in tern sh ip program was financed inpart by a HUD T it le XIII Grant adm inistered by the S ta te o fWest V irg in ia O ffice o f Federal S ta te R ela tion s out o fthe governor's o f f i c e . The Brooke-H anco*ck-Jefferson Metropolitan P lanning Commission (h e r e a fte r re ferred to asBHJ) i s both an in te r s ta t e and m etropolitan agency which operates in J e fferso n County in Ohio and Brooke and Hanco*ck Counties in West V ir g in ia . Primary data sources fo r the reportin clu d e personal exp erien ce , form al.and inform al m eetingsw ith fe llo w s t a f f , and numerous m eetings and seminarswhich I attended both at the lo c a l and s ta te l e v e l s .
During my e ig h t month in tern sh ip at BHJ, I was involved ina wide range of p r o je c ts . One o f the major p r o je c tsinvolved the development o f a prelim inary design proposal fo rthe r e v it a l iz a t io n o f the cen tra l b u sin ess d i s tr i c t o f the a rea 's la r g e s t c i t y , S te u b e n v ille, Ohio. The c i t y ' s CBD has been d e c lin in g in importancefo r y ea rs , a s itu a t io n th at i s common among c i t i e so f s im ila r s iz e in the East and Midwest. D iso rg a n iza tion , lack o f commitment toward r e v i t a l iz in g the CBD andlack o f d ir e c t a ctio n make i t appear th a t the problem o fthe CBD has deep ro o ts and i s o f a p sy ch o lo g ica lnature.
This report w i l l focu s on the problem o f S te u b e n ville 's d e c lin in g CBD. In my es tim a tio n , the o b s ta cle s th a t preclude the area from d ea lin g e f f e c t iv e lywith t h is problem are the same o b sta c le s th a t underminethe e n tir e p lanning p rocess in th e reg io n . As a r e s u lt, I con sid er t h is p a r t ic u la r 's itu a t io n as one th at warrants deeper in sp e c t io n . In order to ob ta in a c lo se r view o f the problem, I have drawn upon tr a in in g rece ivedat the U n iv ers ity o f Arizona, work experience at BHJ andsubsequent research .
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O rganization
The report i s d iv id ed in to four major s e c t io n s .F irs t , a h igh ly gen era lized d esc r ip tio n o f the reg ion a ls e t t in g and the p lanning agency and i t s organ ization i s presen ted . The second se c t io n ex p la in s the stru ctu re o fth e in tern sh ip and p resen ts a ch ron o log ica l summary o fp r o je c ts and a c t i v i t i e s in which I had d ir e c tinvolvem ent.
The th ir d se c t io n o f the report fo cu ses on the problem-o f S te u b e n v ille ’ s d e c lin in g CBD. The f i r s t parto f th e th ird se c t io n o f fe r s a d e ta ile d d esc r iptio n o f the Steubenv i l l e area . A statem ent o f the generals itu a t io n w ith regard to the CBD fo llo w s . An importantelem ent in t h i s se c t io n i s a d isc u ss io n o f the majoractors in v o lv ed , th e ir p ercep tion s o f the problem and the ir r o le s . Also included in t h i s part o f the report i s ad e sc r ip tio n o f the s p e c i f ic p ro jec t I worked on r ela t in g to the CBD. The la t t e r part o f t h is se c t io nattem pts to determine and analyze the l e s s obvious causes o fthe d e c lin e o f the S teu b en v ille CBD. The f in a l se c tio n o f the report in clu d es both an ev a lu a tio n o f the intern sh ip and a recommendation as to how i t might p o s s ib lybe improved.
I . The Regional S e tt in g
The BHJ region i s lo ca ted geo g ra p h ica lly in theAppalachian P la teau region o f the country. The en tir e region is ch aracterized by smooth h i l l s separated by deep v a l le y s. The only s ig n if ic a n t t r a c t s o f f l a t land are those lo ca ted along the Ohio R iver. The s o c ia l and economicstru ctu re o f the region i s or ien ted toward the Ohio R iver,though in recen t years most o f the commercial and r e s id e n tia l development has sh if te d to the h i l l - t o p s above thee x is t in g r iv e r towns. W ithin th e two co u n tie s in WestV irg in ia and one county in Ohio th a t compose the reg io n , there are approxim ately 120 urbanized a rea s . These are even ly dis tr ib u te d
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throughout the reg ion w ith the la r g e s t o f them b ein gconcentrated along the Ohio R iver ( see Figure 1 ) .J e ffer so nCounty in Ohio con ta in s approxim ately 10% o f the r e g io n 'sland area and approxim ately the same percentage of i t s com munities. The same county a lso accounts fo r about 59$ o f the r eg io n 's t o t a l popu lation o f approxim ately 165,000 (U .S .Bureau o f the Census, 1970).
The one word th a t ch a ra c ter izes the region more than anyo th er i s " s te e l ." P le n t i fu l coa l d e p o s its inthe Southeastern Ohio - Western Pennsylvania reg io n , combined with necessary e l e c t r i c i t y , natural gas and w ater, in ad d itio n to e x c e lle n t water tra n sp o rta tio n to b rin gin o th er m inerals n ecessary fo r th e making o f s t e e l ,have produced an enormous s t e e l in d u stry .
Though d iv e r s i f ic a t io n o f the economic base wouldseem d e s ir a b le , i t appears very u n lik e ly . There i s st i l l some a g r icu ltu re in the reg io n , m ostly in J e fferso n County. However, p resen t trends in d ic a te a gradual d e clin e in a g r ic u ltu r a l a c t iv i t y . Over 95$ o f the sawtim ber volume in the a rea 's commercial f o r e s t s i shardwood, but production i s lim ited s in ce the wood i s o f g enera lly poor q u a lity .As the s t e e l p la n ts continue toexpand t h e ir f a c i l i t i e s , i t appears th a t s t e e lproduction and r e la te d s t e e l in d u s tr ie s w i l lcontinue to employ the m ajority o f th e r e g io n 's p eo p le .In l ig h t o f the current sw itch to coa l as an energy source,th e p o s s ib i l i t y e x i s t s th a t one or more co a lconversion p la n ts may ev en tu a lly be lo ca ted w ith in thereg io n . The one sure fa c t i s th a t heavy in du stry w i l lcontinue to dominate the r e g io n 's economy.
x
F i g u r e 1 - BHJ R e g io n . S o u r c e : BtiJ M e t r o po l i t a n P l a n n i n g Commission , ( o r a n g e a r e a s in d i c a t e c i t i e s and to w n s) ,
SP------------
B R\U S H
iTRATTOI
BROOKE CO
^ 0 S S
B^U F F ' A L 0 .
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The Planning Agency
The BHJ M etropolitan Planning Commission s t a f f i s very small. I t c o n s is t s o f th e ex ecu tiv e d ir e c to r , a p rin c ip a l p lanner, a tra n sp o rta tio n p lanner, a communitycoordinator and a draftsm an. At c e r ta in tim es nonpermanent po s it io n s are created fo r s p e c i f i c p r o je c t s . Considering the s iz e o f the s t a f f and th e fa c t th a t theagency i s both m etropolitan and in t e r s t a t e , i t ' s nowonder th a t , at any g iven tim e, each s t a f f member i sinvolved in a number o f d if fe r e n t p r o je c ts .
The agency's fu n c tio n a l p lans and programs r e la te to so l id w aste, tra n sp o r ta tio n , mass t r a n s i t ,housing, water management, recrea tio n and land u se . Of th e se, transportation - occu p ies a la rg e percentage o f the s t a ff ' s tim e. The 1974-75 Work Program ( see Table 1) shows tran spo rta tio n to account fo r approxim ately two th ir d s o f th e en t ir e program. I t appears reason ab le th a t t h is areashould occupy such a largo p ortion o f the program as the r e g ion 's s t r e e t and highway network i s very inadequate incomparison w ith the reg io n ’ s n eeds. In my own research , Ihave found the S teu b en ville-W eirton SMSA to be the la r g e st SMSA in the country w ithout d ir e c t access to an in te r s tate highway.Of the developm ental programs, the A-95 review p rocessi s probably the most im portant. The P ro jec t N o t if ic a t ion and Review System (A-95 Review) was e s ta b lish ed by the Office o f Management and Budget to f a c i l i t a t e the ev a lua tio n , review , and coord ination o f Federal a ss is ta n c eprograms and p r o je c ts by s t a t e , area and lo c a lgovernmental agen cies and organizat io n s . BHJ serv es as the design ated m etrop olitan c lea r in g house fo r a p p lic a t ion s r e la t in g to p r o je c ts in v o lv in g F ederal funds with in the reg io n .
A la rg e nercentage o f the agen cy's funding i s ob tained ,from gran ta rece iv ed from HUD. P re v io u s ly , BHJ worked with HUD from t h e ir P ittsb u rg h reg io n a l o f f i c e .During the summer o f 1974 th e agency was perm itted to p la ce it s e l f
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Table 1 - Work Program January *74 - June ’75
HUD PROGRAM
PUP NO, WORK ELEMENT101102201202400699700 801 900 905 910915
1000 1005 & 10
1101
Environmental Assessment Flood P la in Mgt.HousingP ro jec tCoord/A-95 H ealth Plan Transp/Comp Plan Coord Rec. & OpenSpace C ollege Consortium Comp. Region Plan P opulation EconomicsLand Use Adm. & Mgt.C it iz e n P art.E ld er ly
UNIFIED TRANSPORTATIONPROGRAM60116012601360146015601660516052
605360546055605660576058
T ransportation Meeds o f the Disadvantaged Update Short Range(5 Year) Program Low C apita l In ten s iv e Program EnergyConservation Program Energy Conservation Demonstration Mass Transit P lanning and Programming R evise and Update T r a ff icZones S tr ee t and Highway InventoryS tr e e t and Highway - Functional C la s s i f ic a t io nCapacityT r a ff ic CountsTravelTimeA ccident RecordsT r a ff ic Control Features
(continued)
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60596051060511
See Alsowhen your awful coworker is the boss's kidDirect Deposit (EFT) Bank Reversal Procedures - Doa LouisianaAmerican Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. v. Om Vegetable Inc, 650473/2021, 18 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York County Jun. 4, 2021)Macri 3-Peats In Keith Kauffman Classic At Port Royal61016251625262536254 6501 6601 6602 6651 6950 6970 905191019151915291539154
10051 10101 10501 10401 10402
Develop Census Data For T ransportation Use S o c ia l F actorsAssessment Methodology Environmental Overview Methodology A ir Quality A nalysis Routine ServiceRural Trans. Demonstration ProgramA ssistan ceData F i le Maintenance ProcedurePlanImplementationStatew ide T ransportation P lanningA s s is t S tate T ransportation AgenciesRoute 22 Corridor Environmental StudyNational T ransportation S tu d iesT echnical Program Supervision(Task Force)Annual Report (FY-1975)P opu lation S tu d iesMethodologyEconomic Factor MethodologyLand Use S u rv e illa n ceMethodologyD w elling Unit MethodologyDevelopment C ontrols Analysis MethodologyHighway Access Control StandardsTrans. SystemsPlanning - Community Part.' .Trans. P ro jec t P lanning -Community P a r t .FY 76 T ransportation Work Elements o f OWPP olic y Committee - Adopt By-LawsTrans. Study Admin. - C le r ic a land F in a n cia l
Source: BHJ M etropolitan P lanning Commission
under the ju r is d ic t io n Of the Columbus reg io n a l o f fi c e . A dditional revenue i s obtained through grants rece ivedfrom the Appalachian Regional Commission and assessm ents placed onthe three lo c a l c o u n tie s . For the f i r s t s ix months of my in tern sh ip the agency1s o f f ic e s were lo ca ted inV/eirton, West V ir g in ia . In J u ly , the o f f i c e s weremoved to S te u b e n v ille , Ohio in order to take advantage o fthe a v a i la b i l i t y o f increased o f f i c e sp ace .
O rganization o f the Planning Commission
The BHJ M etropolitan Planning Commission i s composed o fapproxim ately 70 in d iv id u a ls from throughout the reg io n .Of th e se , 24 are appointed members, th e remaining are ex - o ff i c io members (BHJ Annual Report, 1973)• A 17 member E xecutiveCommittee i s the actu a l working body o f th e Commission. TheBHJ s t a f f i s the im plem entation arm o f the o rg a n iza tion , re sp o n sib le fo r carrying out the work program, p o l ic ie s and d ir e c t iv e s o f the Commission. Applica tio n s fo rfunding from s ta te and Federal sources are prepared by the s t af f , rece ived by the E xecutive Committee and subm itted to th ef u l l Commission fo r approval. The b a s ic fu n ctio n in g o fthe organ ization ev o lv es around a th ree year O verall ProgramDesign th a t i s updated each year An annual work program andbudget based on t h is la r g e r program i s subm itted to the Executive Committee each year fo r review and s im ila r ly submitted to the f u l l Commission fo r approval.
Two major b od ies e x is t to serve as input mechanisms in thep lanning p ro cess . These in clu d e the fu n c tio n a l com mittees composed o f members o f the Commission and the C itiz e n sR egional Forum whose fu n ctio n i s to provide c i t iz e n in pu t, review , and c r i t i c a l comment on reg io n a l p la n s. County and community lea d ers and lo c a l p lanning agen ciesare expected to communicate d ir e c t ly w ith the Commission. Ofcou rse, the d e sc r ip tio n presented here i s
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. the id e a l . That the o rgan iza tion a c tu a lly fu n ction s in t h is manner i s q u estio n a b le . A few examples serveto dem onstrate the d iffe r e n c e s between the re a l organ ization and the id e a l o rg a n isa tio n .
At th e March 10, 1974 m eeting o f the BHJ M etropolitanPlanning Commission and the BHJ T ransportation Study P o lic yCommittee, 18 o f the 70 members o f the Commission were p resen t(M inutes o f the J o in t Meeting o f BHJ and BHJTS P o lic yCommittee, March 10, 1974)♦ This rep resen ts a ty p ic a lattendance f ig u r e . The E xecutive Committee, though i t claims to be th e working body o f the Commission, appeared to be merelya rubber-stamp body th a t approves everyth ing th a t comes fromthe D ir e c to r 's desk . The b od ies th a t supposedly serve asinput mechanisms in the p lanning p ro cess , th e fu n c tio n a lcom m ittees and the C it iz e n s Regional Forum, e x is t in nameo n ly . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to determ ine whether the f a ilu r e o f the C it iz e n s R egional Forum i s due to the awareness th a t whatever recommendations they make w i l l be ignoredanyway, which r e s u lt s in lack o f membership, or the fa c t tha t la ck o f membership causes th e ir recommendations to beignored . The cause and e f f e c t r e la t io n sh ip i s u nclear . However, i t i s c le a r th a t the body e x i s t s at th is tim e, m ainly, to m eetithe Federal requirem ents concerningc i t iz e n p a r t ic ip a t io n .Figure 2 rep resen ts the id ea liz e d v ersio n o f the BHJ organiz a t io n .
I I . S tructure o f th e In tern sh ip
During my f i r s t few days at BHJ, I was g iven a b a s ic o rie n ta t io n to th e agency by both the E xecutive D irecto r andother s t a f f members. F a m ilia r ity w ith BHJ's operation anda c t i v i t i e s was acquired during the next few weeks. My intern sh ip was stru ctu red so th a t I worked on a s e r ie s o fone or two week assignm ents, some req u ir in g a lon ger period of tim e fo r com pletion . In a l l my work assignm ents I hadadequate su p erv is io n and a s s is ta n c e by e ith e r theagency's
MEMBERSHIP
Figure 2 - BHJ Organiz a t io n . Source: BHJ Annual R eport.1975.
COMMITTEES
BHJ STAFF
EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR
BHJCOMMISSION
C ITIZENS REGIONAL FORUM
CRFEXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
CITIZENS
COUNTYAND
COMMUNITYLEADERSLOCAL
PLANNINGAGENCIES
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E xecutive D irec to r or P r in c ip a l P lanner. M eetingsand seminars I attended in C harleston to g eth er w ith form aland inform al lo c a l m eetings and Commission m eetings Iattended , gave me a comprehensive view o f BHJ and i t s planninga c t i v i t i e s . In a d d itio n , they exposed me to many o fthe p ro cesses o f lo c a l , s ta te and Federal government andthe work o f th e ir re sp ec tiv e o f f i c i a l s . .
C hronological Summary o f P ro jec ts and A c t iv i t ie sInvolved In
My major work assignm ents during th e f i r s t h a lf o f myin tern sh ip period ex h ib ited much d iv e r s i ty . InJanuary,I was engaged in the development o f prelim inary p lansand concepts fo r a downtown m all in S te u b e n v ille , Ohioinvolv ing- grap h ics and d r a ft in g . At the same tim e, andin g rea t co n tra st to the m all assignm ent, I was in volved ina reg io n a l housing study which culm inated w ith thepreparation o f v is u a l a id s , m ostly ta b le s and graphs,used at a Regional Housing Seminar at The C ollege o f S teu b en ville in March. My next major assignment was the development o f aworkable l ib r a r y f i l i n g and ca ta lo g in g system fo rour agency’ s l ib r a r y . This was a ted io u s and tim econsuming ta sk , but h o p efu lly one th a t w i l l continue tob e n e f it the agency in the fu tu r e .
Most o f the m eetings and seminars I attended were concentratedduring the la s t h a lf o f my in te r n sh ip . Some o f the meetings I attended included a Water and Sewer P r io r i t ie s meeting in C harleston , an Appalachian R egional Commission meeting a lso in C harleston , a m eeting concerning the West V irgin ia TRIPS program in C harleston and an energy con servation meeting in W heeling. With regard to sem inars, I p a r t ic ip a ted in the Regional Housing Seminar at The C ollege o f S te u b en ville and a two day Environmental Workshop in C harleston .
My work assignm ents during th e la t t e r part o f my in ternsh ip were fewer in number, but more tim e consuming.In A p r il, Iwas asked to develop a pamphlet d ea lin g w ith comprehensivedevelopment and land use re g u la tio n s which
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w il l be d is tr ib u te d to th e p u b lic a f te r p r in tin g . Along th e se same l in e s was the "Goals and Issues"pamphlet intended to spur d iscu ss io n w ith in the regionconcerning current is s u e s . In June, I began develop ing a l is t o f a l l th ose groups and agen cies th a t should be involvedin the lo c a l A-95 p ro cess . Once t h i s m ailin g l i s t wascom pleted, a l e t t e r and q u estion n a ire was composed to besen t to those on th e m ailin g l i s t in an attempt to make theA-95 p rocess more e f f e c t iv e and more e f f i c i e n t , (s e e
• appendix fo r both sample work and in d ic a t io n s o f p ar t ic i p a tion )
I I I . D eta iled D escr ip tion o f th e Area
■ S te u b en v ille i s a c i t y in eastern Ohio lo ca tedabout 90 m iles sou th east o f C leveland. I t i s the se a t o fJ e fferso n County and i s s itu a te d on the Ohio R iver whichforms th e boundary between Ohio and West V ir g in ia . Coal d epo s its are abundant in the reg io n , and the c i t y i s a majorin d u s tr ia l cen ter . The major a c t iv i t e s in the areain clu d e the manufa c tu r in g o f s t e e l and s t e e l products, o f titan ium and fe r r o a l lo y s , and o f fa b r icated m eta ls . Paper and c la y products are a lso produced.
T ypical o f many c i t i e s in the B ast, heavy in d u s tr ies are the major employers in the S teu b en v ille area . W ithinthe immediate area , the W eirton D iv is io n o f R ational S t ee l , W heeling-P ittsburgh S te e l and Titanium Corporation arethree o f the la r g e s t employers ( see F igure 3 )• Located inadjacent areas are b ig name in d u s tr ia l corporations such asC rucib le S te e l , Koppers, Quaker S ta te , American Cyanamidand o th e r s .To supply the. huge amounts o f energy required byth ese in d u s tr ie s a la rg e number o f power p la n ts havebeen con stru cted a l l along the Ohio R iver, making the reg ionone o f the la r g e s t producers o f e l e c t r i c power in thew orld .( see Figure 4)*The most obvious s id e e f f e c t o f theheavy in d u s tr ia l iz a t io n and numerous coa l-b urn ingpower p la n ts i s one o f the worst
/
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Figure 3 - Map showing lo c a t io n o f Y/heeling- P ittsb urgh S t e e l ’ s p rin c ip a l steelm aking, f i n i sh ing andfa b r ic a t in g p la n ts . Source: Wheeling P ittsb u rgh S tee l Corn. Annual R eport, 1968.
Note: As t h is map represe n ts the lo c a t io n o f only onecompany's p la n ts , i t becomes apparent how h ea v ily in d u str ia l iz e d the reg ion a c tu a lly i s .
P H - # .
s to a s s ! -- •-
Figure 4 - Location o f American E le c t r ic 1s power p la nts in the Upper Ohio V a lley . Source: American E le c tr ic PowerAnnual R eport, 1967.
9 c o a l- f ir e d power p la n ts
Note: Ohio Edison op erates an a d d itio n a l p lan t atToronto,Ohio and cu rren tly i s co n stru cting another huge p lant d ir e c t ly south o f the Cardinal P la n t.I t should be notedth a t t h is map does not in clu d e the sco res o f p la n ts tha t serve the Akron, Cleveland and P ittsb u rgh a reas.
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cases o f a ir and water p o llu t io n in the n a tio n . Beinglo ca ted in a r iv e r v a lle y only aggravates the a ir p o llut io n problem as p o llu ta n ts become trapped. T ests u sin g air samples from c i t i e s across the n ation show S te u b en ville to be in the top 10 percent fo r " d ir tin ess" fa c to r s ev e r ity and p a r t ic u la te s e v e r ity . The c i t y i s also in the top 10 percent fo r " corrosive” fa c to r s e v e r ityand su lfu r ox id es s e v e r ity (U .S . BPA, 197 1 ).
The se v e r ity o f the a ir p o llu t io n problem becomesapparent when one examines Table 2 below . Though the actu al d olla r c o s ts are q u estio n a b le , e s p e c ia l ly s in c eth e estim a tes were made four years ago, the importance l i e sin the r e la t iv e c o s t s . According to the ta b le , the Ste u b e n v ille - W eirton-W heeling reg ion has the eig&h hig h est c o s t estim ate in vo lved w ith the e lim in a tio n of a ir p o llu t io n . Consider merely the fa c t th a t the c o st estim ate fo r the S te u b e n v ille - V/eirton-V/heeling region i s alm ost as great as th a t fo r P h ila d e lp h ia , anarea approxim ately 15 tim es g rea ter in p opu lation and morethan 15 tim es grea ter in areal
Table 2 - Cost estim a tes involved in c lean in g up the a irin the cou n try 's urban areas. Source: U .S. News and World Report, August 17, 1970.
FRESHENING THE AIR—THE COST IN 5 0 URBAN AREASOfficial estimatesof the cost, in
next five years, of ending air pollution' caused by industry,government facilities and private households in major metropolitanareas—
Albany/Schenectady/Troy, N .Y .... $ 11,900,000Allentown/Beihlehem/Easton, Pa. $ 42,800,000Atlanta, Ga. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,300,000Baltimore, Md.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . $ 84,200,000Birmingham, Ala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . $ 94,800,000
Boston, f/a ss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . $ 45.800,000Buffalo, N .Y .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . $ m ,3 C 3 ,0 3 0Charleston, Vi. Va. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 26,200,000Chicago, III. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $801,390,000Cincinnati, O hio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$16.",3C0.GC0Cltveland, O h io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . $209,600,000Dallas/Fort Worth, Tex. . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 15,700,000Dayton, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . $ 42,200,000Denver, C o lo .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . $ 67,105,000Detroit, Mich. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $263,700,000Grand Rapids,Mich....... . . . . . . . . . . . $ 41,003,000Harrisburg, Pa. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 16,800,000Hartford,Conn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $43,700,000Houston/Galveston, T e x .. . . . . . . . . . $38,500,000Indianapolis, Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . $ 45,C00,GC0ixansas City, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 3 29,400,000Knoxville, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . $ 13,800,000Los Angeles, Calif. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 5 42,200,000Louisville, K y.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .$114,83,7,209Milwaukee/Kenosha/Racine,Wis. $109,600,000Minneapoiis/St, Paul, fdinn........ 557,800,000Mobile, A la .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... $ 15,000,050New Orleans, La. . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . $ 22,600,000New York. N.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . $338,300,530Omaha, Nebr. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 16,200,000Peoria, 111. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,000,000Philadelphia, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $199^00.000
Pittsburgh, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$287,900,000Portland, Orcg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 23,100,000Providence/Pawtucket, R.I./
Fall River, Mass....... i. . . . . . . . . . . .$16.300,009Rochester, N.Y. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . $ 17.0Ci' COUSt. Louis, M o ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . $ 2 5 7 , C?0Saginaw/Bay City, Mich.. . . . . . .. . . . 5 42.400,00CSan Francisco, Calif. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . $ 17,700,000Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Pa. . . . . . . . . $30,900,200Seattle/Everett/Tacoma, Wash..... $ 17,300,030South Bend,Ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,500,000SaltLake City, U ta h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,000,000Steubenville, Ohio/
Weirton/Wheelinv, W.Va. . . . . . . . . $166,600.000Tampa, Fla.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27,830,000 rToledo, O hio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . $ 4 5 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0Tulsa, OMa. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,930.300 jYork, Pa. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,7C:.0C0IYoungstown/Warren, O h io . . . . . . . . $ 46,002,000•Washington, D .C ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $98,903,000 j
!C o s t o f a ir c le a n u p in h e s e 5 0 I
a r e a s w ill b e 4 . 4 b illio n d o l h r s in th e i n e xt f iv e y e a r s . . . a n d r e m o v in g jp o l lu ta n t s fro m a u to e x h a u s t s in c i t i e s w ill a d d h u g e s u ms to th a t b ill.Source: U.S. Dept, of Health, education and Welhre
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I t might be very tem pting fo r one to a s so c ia te many o fthe problems o f S te u b e n v ille ’ s CBD, which .w ill bedescribed subsequently, w ith the fa c t th a t the c i t y i s loca ted in the Appalachian reg io n . I t i s im portant to r e aliz e th a t no such a sso c ia t io n e x i s t s , as the fo llow in g paragraphs dem onstrate.
Though J e fferso n County was not part o f the AppalachianRegion as d efined by the P r e s id e n t's Appalachian R egionalCommission in 1964, i t was p laced in Local Development D is t ric t Ho. 11 by the Appalachian Regional Commission in 1968 (R o thb la tt, 1971, 54, 1 5 2 ).Across the r iv e r in West V ir g in ia, Brooke and Hanco*ck C ounties which are part o f the S teub enville-V /e irton SMSA and S te u b en v ille trade area, were designated both in 1964 and 1968 as part o f Appalachia, LocalDevelopment D is t r ic t No. 17 . However, i t i s extrem elyimportant th a t one r e a l iz e th a t the S te u b en v illearea, though le g a l ly p art o f Appalachia, n e ith e r s u ffer s from many o f th e problems a sso c ia ted w ith theAppalachian Region nor do those s im ila r problems which do e x is t show s ig n s o f being as acute as th ose in the la r g er regio n .
In accordance w ith Odum's concept o f reg ion , Appalachia i sfa r from hom*ogeneous with regard to p a ttern s o f u rb an ization , economic a c t iv i t y and eth n ic background. The area asso c ia ted w ith the Ohio R iver V alley w ith i t s la rg e c it i e s and heavy in d u s tr ie s i s v a s t ly d if fe r e n tfrom the rural se ttlem en ts in c en tra l and southern Appalachia(R o th b la tt, 1971, 5 3 ) . Examination o f the s t a t i s t ic s in Table 3 shows t h is la ck o f hom ogeneity, exem p lifiedmost s tr ik in g ly by the f ig u r e fo r median income whichshows th e S teu b en v ille-V /e irton SMSA to have a medianincome equal to 91 percent o f the average fo r a l l 243 SMSAs in1970. This co n tra sts sharply w ith many other areas o fAppalachia where median income i s considered high i f i t reaches75 percent o f the n a tio n a l average.The s t a t i s t i c s •also show 4 3 .3 percent o f th o se employed as having jobs r e late d to m anufacturing. This f ig u r e a lso
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co n tra sts sharply w ith many o th er areas o f Appalachiawhere manufacturing i s freq u en tly n o n -e x is te n t . The Steu b en v ille area i s ob v iou sly much b e tte r o f feconomica l ly than most o f Appalachia. I t s r e s id e n tsenjoy a standard o f l iv in g comparable to th ose l iv in g inareas o f s im ila r s iz e in the East and Midwest.
Table 3 - Comparison of se le c te d v a r ia b le s between the•S teu b en ville-W eirton SMSA and the average fo r a l l 243SMSAs. Source: County and C ity Data Book. 1972.
v a r ia b le S teub en ville-W eirton SMSA 243 SMSAs
median fam ily income 39,563 310,469fa m ilie s below low incomele v e l 8.0?o 8 .5 $housing u n its owner occupied 74.2$ 59.-5$fore ig n stock 18.7$ 20.-0$employed in m anufacturing 43.3^ 25.8$white c o l la r workers 35 .4$ 52 .4$
The General S itu a tio n
S teu b en v ille has been exp erien cin g a s itu a t io n s ince the la t e 1950s s im ila r to th a t experienced by many c i ti e s o f the same s iz e in the East and Midwest; d e c lin in g pop u la tion , d e c lin in g d en sity w ith in the cen tra l c it y , and a trend toward suburbanization . As a r e s u l t , thecen tra l c i t y , lo ca ted in the v a l le y , has become thehome fo r the poor, th e Black and the e ld e r ly , w hile those with h igher incomes and g rea ter opportunity move above the v alle y to numerous areas known c o l le c t iv e ly to lo c a l r es id e n ts as "up on the h i l l . " In ad d ition to a l l thoseproblems a sso c ia ted w ith t h i s s te r e o ty p ic s i tu a tio n , the S teu b en v ille area has an a d d itio n a l problemth a t i s common to many reg ion s o f A ppalachia, namely, th a ta high percentage o f the young ad u lt p opu lation moves
away from the area, the reason u su a lly g iven as lack of.opportu n ity . This rep resen ts more than merely a p opu lationlo s s , but an enormous drain on the area’ s p rob lem -so lv in gc a p a b i l i t ie s .
From t h is general s itu a t io n stems the problem o f the d ec lin in g importance o f S teu b en v ille* s cen tra l b u siness d i s t r i c t . The s itu a t io n did not develop over n igh t. I t had been ta k in g p lace s in ce the la t e 1950s*For yea rs , th ere have been few improvements made by in d iv id u a lb u sin e sses to attempt to h a lt the d e c lin e . Cooperative ef f o r t s during the same period were none x is t e n t . This to t a l in a c tio n on the part o f community b u sin ess and p ol i t i c a l lea d ers i s somewhat in c o n s is te n t w ith thegreat pride area r e s id e n ts m anifest fo r th e ir lo c a l it y , v e r b a lly . Or, i s i t ? Can the re s id e n ts or people who work and shop in d ir ty , d e te r io r a t in g areasbecome so accustomed to them a fte r years o f the same c o n ditio n s , th a t they make no demands on lo c a l b u sin ess andgovernment fo r improvement? I am convinced th a t fa m il ia r ity did not breed contempt in S te u b e n v ille , but only anacute case o f apathy.
I t i s a common view th a t Americans are g en er a lly s t irr e d toward a ctio n by c r i s e s , both re a l and crea ted .Int h is regard , the merchants o f S teu b en v ille ex h ib ited tha t they were 100^ American. Though S te u b e n v ille ’ s ce ntra l b u sin ess d i s t r i c t was d e te r io r a t in g long before 1973» i t was not u n t i l the w inter o f 1973-74 th a tthe merchants p erceived th a t a c r i s i s s itu a t io n wasupon them as co n stru ctio n on the new Fort Steuben Mall wasnearing com pletion . The problems the Downtown merchants hadrefused to see fo r years became the obvious when th e ir f a c i li t i e s were con trasted w ith the new r e t a i l f a c i l i ti e s . In a sen se , they were driven in to a c tio n , but in r ea l i t y i t was too la t e and th ere e x is te d too many o b sta c le s p reclu d in g them from ach iev in g any r e s u l t s.
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A ctors. P ercep tio n s , R oles
I have d iv id ed the p r in c ip a l a c to rs in to threegroups: the Brooke-H anco*ck-Jefferson M etropolitan PlanningCommission, lo c a l businessm en and p o l i t i c a l lea d ersand th e la s t group which rep resen ts somewhat o f a l in kbetween the two, the lo c a l Chamber o f Commerce s t a f f .These groups by no means co n s is te d o f hom*ogeneous b od ies;the Chamber o f Commerce was d e f in i t e ly the most u n ited ini t s aims. As a member o f the f i r s t group o f a c to r s ,the planning commission, I am able to speak with some au th orityconcerning our agency's p ercep tion o f the problem and i t sapproach in d ea lin g w ith i t . Having met w ith the s t a f f of the Chamber o f Commerce,I can a lso speak w ith c e r ta in tyabout th a t group's p ercep tio n . I t i s w ith the remaininggroup o f a c to r s , the lo c a l b u sin essmen and p o l i t ic a l le a d e r s , th a t I am forced to r e ly on my p erception o f th e ir p ercep tio n s in examining th e ir r o le in theproblem. I am basing th e v a l id i t y o f my own p ercep tion son my in tim ate knowledge o f the area, i t s h is to r y and i ts p eo p le , and in a d d itio n , d ir e c t communications w iththose who have easy access to t h is group. I am f u l ly aware o fthe fa c t th a t t h i s rep resen ts a l im ita t io n on t h isse c t io n o f the rep ort, but o b v io u sly , one w ithout aremedy a t th e p resen t tim e.
Brooke-H anco*ck-Jefferson M etropolitan Planning Commission'X
I b e lie v e i t i s alm ost a u n iv ersa l o b je c t iv e inthe United S ta te s , fo r p lanning a g en c ies , whether c i ty , metrop o lita n or re g io n a l, to preserve the ce n tra l bu sin ess d i s t r i c t as a v i t a l cen ter o f b u sin ess ,and in t h is r e sp e c t , our agency was no d if fe r e n t fromo th e rs . The m etropolitan planning agency perceived the problemas a lo c a l one. I t was w i l l in g to g iv e te c h n ic a l ass is ta n c e to S teu b en v ille p o l i t i c a l and b u siness lea d ers upon req u est, but i t was re lu c ta n t to i n i ti a t e any p ro p o sa ls , knowing only too w e ll
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the c i t y ' s " th is i s not your concern" a t t itu d e .Though sev era l p rop osa ls fo r redevelopment o f S te u b e n ville 's CBD la y around, the o f f i c e , there e x is te d anunderlying f e e l in g th a t they represented dreams never to ber e a liz e d .As sta ted in the agency's 1973 Annual Report, b usin e sse s were lo c a t in g o u ts id e the CBD because o f thel a t t e r ' s narrow s t r e e t s and lim ite d parking. In a dd itio n , much o f the a re a 's buying power was flo w in g o uts id e the area to reg io n a l suburban m alls in th e P ittsb urgh area and to the P ittsb u rgh CBD i t s e l f . ' This was f ac i l i t a t e d by the com pletion o f th e lim ite d access U.S.Route 22 b rin g in g th e Golden T riangle in P ittsb u rgh w ithin a 50 minute d riv e from V/eirton, West V irg in ia across the riv e r from S te u b e n v ille . The opening o f the new FortSteuben Mall in S te u b e n v ille 's West End would mean the f ina l blow to the CBD. Though sta te d as a d e s ir a b le o b je ct iv e , the sav in g o f the CBD appeared h o p e le ss . The metropolitan planning agency's p ercep tion was ch aracterized by relu cta n ce to attack the problem and a p e s s im is t ic outlookwhen observin g p resen t trends th a t appeared ir r e v e r sa ble .
lo c a l B u sin ess and P o l i t i c a l le a d e rs
I t i s d i f f i c u l t to d escr ib e t h is group's p erception o f the problem o f the CBD b efore 1973* s in c e i t appearsh ig h ly probable th a t they recognized no such problem, lo c a lb u sin e sses in the CBD^continued to make good p r o f i t s w ell in to the la t e 1950s, not because they provided a p lea sa n tatmosphere fo r shoppers, convenience, or wide s e le c t io n ,but m erely because they had no com p etition . As the c i t yspread westward, a nev: commercial s tr ip developed along SunsetBoulevard in the 1960s. This should have provided m otivation fo rthe downtown merchants to re fu rb ish t h e ir s to r e s andredevelop the area, but i t d id n 't . A few s to r e - fr o n tswere rem odelled , but there were no coop erative e f f o r t smade to improve the appearance o f the area as a whole.
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The downtown area s t i l l p ossessed the r e g io n 's onlymajor department s to re by 1973» and lo c a l b u sin essmen ev ide n tly f e l t t h is would be a strong enough a t tr a c t in gfo rce to b rin g people to the CBD. As the S teu b en v ille areai s not a h igh ly m obile one, i t was apparently f e l t th a tpeople who had come to the CBD fo r years would continue to do soout o f h a b it . And to a ce r ta in degree, t h i s was the case . To t h is day, you can hear m iddle-age and o ld er women onthe V est V ir g in ia sid e say th a t they are "going over townto do some shopping." T h is, however, was a t e r r ib lyinadequate assessm ent o f th e ir market.
For th ree or four years previous to 1973, the rumor among lo ca l r e s id e n ts was th a t one o f the la r g e chaindepartment s to r e s from the P ittsb u rgh area, probably Gimbelsor Hornes, was going to lo c a te up on the h i l l in S te u b e nv ille . For th e lo n g est tim e no p lans were announced. Seeingt h is p o s s ib i l i t y as a th rea t to th e ir b u s in e ss, lo c a l b u sin esses may have done th e ir b est to see to i tth at o ther department s to r e s were kept ou t.
I t was in 1973 th a t a Pennsylvania-based developer revea ledp lans fo r an enclosed m all to be b u i l t in Steubenv i l l e 's West End. The p r in c ip a l anchor s to re was to be Kaufmannso f P ittsb u rg h , re la ted to the huge n a tio n a l chain ofMay Department S to r es . Local r e s id e n ts were e la te d ,lo c a l businessm en shocked.
Chamber o f Commerce ‘ x-
VZhen I r e fe r to th e Chamber o f Commerce, I am speaking o ftwo in d iv id u a ls in p a r t ic u la r who had s ig n if ic a nt in v o lv e ment, the E xecutive Secretary o f the agency and the D irecto r o f th e Downtown B u sin ess A sso c ia tio n whoworked c lo s e ly w ith the Chamber o f Commerce. Both o f th e sepeop le are very dynamic in d iv id u a ls . Having spoken withthem, I am convinced th a t th e ir p ercep tion o f th e problemwas not much d if fe r e n t than th a t o f the p lanning com mission 's. Their r o le s can be
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viewed as th a t o f go-betw eens. B esid es a c tin g as a link "between the p lanning commission and the b u sin ess communi t y, the s t a f f o f t h is organ ization a lso served as a lin kbetween th ese two groups and the p o l i t i c a l le a d e r s.
Sharing the same p ercep tion o f the problem s itu a t io n wasnot the only th in g the Chamber o f Commerce had in common w iththe p lanning commission - they a lso shared th e ir f r u s tr a tio n s . The Chamber o f Commerce, l ik e BHJ, was expected toperform m iracles w ithout any reso u rces . The Secretary o f theChamber explained to me th a t h is c o n st itu e n ts d id ,indeed, want to do something about the downtown area, but g e t tin g them to con tr ib u te f in a n c ia l ly was l ik e knockingheads aga in st a w a ll . I r e a l iz e t h is does not represent an e n t ir e ly unique s itu a t io n . However, whereas lack of support fo r r e v i t a l iz a t io n among the b u sin esscommunity could be viewed as unfortunate in some other p la c e s ,i t becomes a s itu a t io n almost im possib le to comprehend in ap lace l ik e S te u b e n v ille , where th e a e s th e t ic , fun c t io n a l, and b io lo g ic a l environments are sohorrendous.
The Proposal
I am not sure how or when BHJ o r ig in a l ly got involved inform ulating a proposal fo r saving the S te u b en v ille CBD.I amtempted to say th a t the D irecto r o f the Downtown B usiness Asso c ia tio n contacted our E xecutive D irector req u estin gsuch a p rop osa l, but I ca n 't say t h i s w ith any c e r ta inty . I am c e r ta in th a t the C ity o f S teu b en v ille madeno such req u est.
My input w ith regard to the p ro jec t began on January 3 ,1974 when I sa t in on a m eeting w ith the D irecto r o f theDowntown B u sin ess A sso c ia tio n , our D irecto r and atemporary employee who had drawn up a redevelopment proposal fo rthe e n t ir e S te u b en v ille downtown area p revious to my a rr iv a l .The D irecto r o f the Downtown B u sin ess A sso c iatio n had come to review the p ro p o sa l. I t was based on a plan done p rev io u sly by a p r iv a te co n su lta n t. Both d ire c to r s agreed th a t a more
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d e ta ile d proposal should be developed th at would in clu d eonly a s ix b lock area th a t con ta in s almost a l l o f thecommercial estab lish m en ts w ith in the CBD* The proposal was tobe shown at the annual m eeting/d inner o f the S te u b en v illeDowntown B u sin ess A sso c ia tio n , in the in te r e s t o fmoving th e se in d iv id u a ls toward some type o f a c tio n inl ig h t o f the new Port Steuben M a ll's opening the fo llo w ing month.
While on ly th ree working weeks e x is te d from the day the pro jec t was handed to me to the day i t was to be shown, the actua l tim e I was ab le to spend on the p ro jec t was fa r l e s s .With only a sm all s t a f f , in order to fu n ctio n prope r ly ,a reg io n a l p lanning agency cannot afford to have any o f i t st a f f members work on one p r o je c t , e x c lu s iv e ly , for any g iven period of tim e. In going through the d a ily lo g Ikept throughout my in te rn sh ip , I fin d th a t I spent four f ul l days and four h a lf days working on th e S teu b en v ille CBDp rop osa l.
Actual work on the projecfLbegan on January 18 when I went to Steu b en v ille to c o l le c t in form ation on the CBD.Theafternoon was spent walking along 4th S tr ee t and Market S tree ttak in g note o f the co n d itio n o f s to r e - fr o n ts , thes tru c tu r es them selves, the lo c a t io n o f f i r e p ro tectio n s e r v ic e s , a ccess to the s to r e s fo r d e liv e rypurposes and the c h a r a c te r is t ic s o f the people p resent in the CBD.Upon retu rn in g to the o f f i c e , the in formation c o lle c te d was d iscu ssed w ith the D irec to r .
The general s itu a t io n can be summed up in the fo llo w in gwords: The g rea ter percentage o f the s to r e -fr o n tsrequired major rem odelling . Most o f the s tru c tu res ly in g with in the area being considered appeared s tr u c tu r a llysound. By c lo s in g o f f 4th S tree t and Market S tr ee t to pro h ib it t r a f f i c , in the event a p ed estr ia n m all wasco n stru cted, a ccess to the s to r e s would s t i l l be p o ssib le from rear a l le y s . These a l le y s already served as pick up and d e liv e r y sp a ces . As mentioned e a r l ie r inthe rep o rt, many o f the
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people observed in the area were lower c la s s , the aged, insh o r t , th ose w ith the le a s t o p p o rtu n itie s and the le a s t m o b ility . There e x is t at the presen t time no t r ee s , no greenery, no p la ce s fo r r e s t in g and very few p lace s where one i s p ro tected from the elem en ts.The t o t a lenvironment as i t e x i s t s i s d ep ressin g and in no way co ntr ib u tes to the h ea lth , happiness or w elfare o f the peoplewho are subjected to i t .
J u st as the con d ition o f the CBD i s e a s i ly d escrib ed, so i s th e p rop osa l. Taking in to co n sid era tio n th e r eg io n 's c lim a te , frequent ra in in the spring and summer andsnow in the w in ter , and the bad a ir q u a lity , i t appearedobvious th a t the proposal would c a l l fo r an enclosed sp ace .The space to be en closed was e a s i ly determ ined. I t co n siste d o f four b lock s along 4th S tr ee t and fo u r b lo ck salong Market S tr ee t c r ea tin g a t-sh a p e enclosed space ( se e Figure 5 ) . An ex ten sio n o f the roo f to 5th S tr ee t wasincluded to provide s h e lte r from the elem ents between the mall and the proposed Ohio V alley Savings B u ild in g to beconstru cted at the 5th and Market lo c a t io n . Though I b e liev ed the concept should have been r e s tr ic te d to o n e - le ve l , our D irec to r f e l t i t should be a tw o -le v e l mallwhich would thereby crea te a d d itio n a l ren tab le r e t a i lspace which th e lo c a l merchants would see w ith a favorab leeye . However, I b e lie v e he f a i l e d to r e a l iz e th a tthe lo c a l merchants would view a tw o -le v e l m all as anover-am bitious p ro jec t which would req u ire too great an_amount o f c a p ita l investm ent. I t was b e lie v ed th a t byu sin g great amounts o f s t e e l products in a l l forms fo r con stru c tio n , c o s ts would be kept low er s in c e many s t ee l products are produced lo c a l ly and the m all would therebybe a huge advertisem ent o f the r e g io n 's c h ie f product.The other fe a tu r e s o f the m all included a l l o f those n ec e s s i t ie s and am en ities u su a lly found such as adequateparking, fo u n ta in s , p la n ts and p len ty o f se a tin g area s.
At 11:00 on January 28, I d iscu ssed the proposal w ith th eSecretary o f the S te u b en v ille Chamber o f Commerce and the
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Figure 5 - S te u b en v ille C entral B u sin ess D is t r ic tand area included in the m all p rop osa l. Source: From o r ig ina l map done by the author.
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D irector o f th e Downtown B u sin ess A sso c ia tio n along with our D irec to r . R eaction to the proposal was very fa v o rab le . Most proposals done by planning agen cies are shelved a f ter they have been view ed. Mine was n o t.I t was shelved b efore it was view ed. Though the proposal n et w ith extrem ely favorab ler e a c t io n , i t was decided , on account o f the f a c t th at the C ity o f S teu b en v ille had not requested BKJ to developthe p rop osa l, a proposal coming from the agency and shown at theannual dinner would be h ig h ly u n d esira b le . As r id ic u lou s as i t sounds, i t was then and i s now, th ese typ es o f p etty d iffe r e n c e s and lack o f cooperation th a t occur co nsta n tly in the c i t y o f S te u b e n v ille . The mayor's o ff ic e and the lo c a l p lanning agency b e lie v e i t i s th eir r e s p o n s ib il ity to improve the c i t y , not the reg ion a l p lanning com m ission 's. This s ta te o f a f fa ir s i smost unfortunate and the c i t y s u f fe r s g r e a tly from i t.
At the same m eeting on January 28, the th ree p a r t ie sinvolved decided to have me do se v era l sk etch es th a t wouldsu ggest in extrem ely general terms what the CBD might look l ik ei f the m all concept was implemented. These sk etch es were to beshown at the d inner, but no re feren ce was to be made as to wherethe sk etch es had been ob ta in ed . The sk etch es were shown atthe dinner as the newspaper c lip p in g in d ic a t e s . ( seeFigure 6 ) . The a r t i s t referred to in the column i s , o fcourse, me.
A nalysis
A f u l l nine months has passed s in ce the Downtown B u siness A sso c ia tio n 's annual m eeting and dinner took p la ce atthe tim e o f t h i s w r it in g . During th a t tim e th ere hasbeen no major a c tio n taken to a rrest th e decay th a t con tinu es in the CBD. During t h is same tim e period another one o f Ste u b e n v ille 's downtown th e a te r s has c lo sed i t sdoors le a v in g one th e a te r remaining in the CBD. Two new the a te r s
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Figure 6 - Proposal re feren ce . Source: Wheeling I n te l l ige n c e r . January31, 1974 ----------- --------
n nerchanfs Consio©r off Counteraction j
By DAVID NICKELL The Intelligencer Staff '
One of the ideas emerging from a meeting Wednesday nightsponsored by
j the Steubenville Downtown Business \ Association was to fighta mall with a
mall.The suggestion was one of many ideas
considered by merchants and city and county officials along withother members of the Steubenville Area Chamber of Commerce andinterested citizens who j met to discuss what could be done about irevitalizing the downtown area in light of ! the approachingopening of the Fort ** Steuben Mall. j
. Joseph D. Kennedy, executive vice j President of the chamber,emphasized j that the mall concept for downtown was j “strictly a'what-if type of thing." j Kennedy then presented a series ofartists’ conceptions showing Denmark’s and ’ The Hub encased inglass complete with steel-trussed roofs and skylights. In one !conception, the city’s main intersection at
| Fourth and Market Streets would be | closed to traffic and awater fountain |
would be built in the center of it.Another dramatic proposal wassub- .
milted by Steubenville Councilman j Richard Perkins whosuggested that ; presently vacated buildings on the side of j ThirdStreet nearest the river be bought
! by the chamber and the city, with the help | of urban renewalfunds, torn down and
replaced with tiered parking. Perkins’ parking garages wouldconsist of two \ levels underground and two levels above ' thestreet. j
Those present appeared to agree with ; Lawrence Good of the L.S.Good & Co., Wheeling, that parking and traffic flow were themost important areas of con* • sideration. Good remarked that themall concept for downtown had pluses and minuses, but he questionedthe time in volved for construction and the interim
' traffic tie-ups which would be caused.
Joseph Bardm orThe Hub" called"the ; downtown enclosed mallconcept “a way- j off idea" and added, “I think this is a way j ofdefeating immediate action."
Bardin also scored downtown sales as an effective tool forattracting people into downtown and competing with the new mall. Heendorsed instead the ideas and
, proposals which will be emerging from a | group of youngpeople and others who will
be making recommendations to the i Downtown BusinessAssociation. Ideas j already suggested by the group, he said, jinclude demonstrations by high school i bands, art exhibits,concerts and perhaps I even a football-throwing contest.
Bardin emphasized that the objective in any revitalizing planshould be to “make people realize that downtown is the
t character of Steubenville."He said that people can seeshopping
m alls anywhere but downtown i , Steubenville is its own uniquecharacter. >
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w il l open soon in the Port Steuben M all. W ithin a fewmonths, the new suburban mall w i l l add a th ird major departments to r e . The message fo r downtown i s c le a r .I f anything symbolizes Downtown S teu b en v ille a t the p resen t, i t i s the la s t hours of the T ita n ic . The downtown merchants scraped theic e in March when the new m all opened.
More than a few lo c a l businessmen and p o l i t ic ia n s f ee l the CBD w i l l continue as the r e g io n 's economic cen terbecause the Ohio V alley Savings and Loan A sso c ia tio n i s co nstru ctin g th e ir new headquarters in the CBD. I t i s shallow thin k in g , and might I add very rep resen ta tiv e o f the in a bi l i t y o f lo c a l r e s id e n ts to recogn ize problem s, tob e lie v e a s in g le b u ild in g can re sto re v i t a l i t yto a dying urban area. Not one o f the downtown merchants woulddeny th a t the l i o n ' s share o f the r e g io n 's purchasingpower r e s id e s up on the h i l l - t o p s above S teu b en ville or across the r iv e r in West V ir g in ia . Y et, they f a il to see th a t t h i s purchasing power must be competed fo r in ar e a l i s t i c way. As an example, t h is year the downtown s tor e s in i t ia t e d the "park and shop" promotion. In the most lib e r a l way o f th in k in g t h is i s not a t a l l a promotion. I t s only e f f e c t i s to e q u a liz e , as shoppers atthe suburban s to r e s g et fr e e parking a l l the tim e. Theconcept o f "park and shop" in most c i t i e s assumes th a tthere i s something worthwhile to come downtown fo r and therebypark. Several other piecem eal e f f o r t s such as the one ju s td escribed have been t r ie d . Most o f the o th ers are even morelu d icro u s as attem pts to put the downtown area on equal fo o tin g w ith th e m a ll. These e f f o r t s in clu d e co n certs ,fa sh io n shows, an E aster egg hunt and a fo o tb a ll-th ro w ing c o n te s t l
The S te u b en v ille area has always been very slow in fo llow in g n a tio n a l tren d s. I t appears th a t as the nation nowlo o k s w ith renewed in te r e s t at the ce n tra l c i t i e s, the S te u b en v ille area i s ju s t catch in g on to the trendtoward suburbanization which was rampant in the r e s t o f thecountry
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during the 1950s and 1960s. I am not alone in my op inionconcerning t h is tim e la g . The Secretary o f th e S te u b en ville Chamber o f Commerce, who was o r ig in a l ly from anotherarea, made the remark at the Regional Housing Seminar in March th at i t was obvious to him th a t the area’ s th in k in g i s h ighly rep resen ta tiv e o f the 1950s.
S tu d ies and ob servation s made in a sm all town inPennsylvania (L ew is, 1972) in d ica te a r e la t io n sh ipbetween a town’ s mental ou tlook , s o c ia l temperament and p sych o lo g ica l atmosphere and i t s in a b i l i t y to so lv e press in g problem s.I b e lie v e t h is r e la t io n sh ip can beapplied to an e n t ir e region as w e ll as a s in g le town. Thereason I am fo cu sin g on the reg ion rath er than the case o f Steu b en v ille a lon e, i s because S te u b e n v ille 's in a bi l i t y to cope with i t s problems i s not unique w ith in th ereg io n . The r e s t o f the r e g io n 's c i t i e s and townse x h ib it t h is same in a b i l i t y to so lv e lo c a lproblem s. As in the case o f S te u b e n v ille , economics i s apoor scapegoat fo r the in a b i l i t y to cope w ith lo c a lproblems demonstrated in the two co u n ties across the r iv e r .Hanco*ck County c o n s is te n t ly has the h ig h est per c a pita income in West V ir g in ia year a f te r year and BrookeCounty u su a lly ranks near the to p . While t h is f a i l s to place them among the w e a lth ie s t co u n tie s in the country, it n ev er th e le ss g iv e s them good stand ing on a n a tio n al s c a le .*
Like the sm all town in P ennsylvania th a t Lewis d escr ib ed, the S teu b en ville-W eirton area has not experienced rapid popu lation growth or economic expansion fo r decades.At the sametim e t h i s a rea 's p opu lation remained s ta b le , growth ina l l forms became a nationw ide goa l fo r c i t i e s and reg ions across the n a tio n . I t was only natural th a t the area’ s re s id e n ts develop con scious or unconscious f e e l in g s o fin f e r io r i t y
*The 1972 County and C ity Data Book shows the fo llo w in g fig u r e s fo r per ca p ita income: Hanco*ck C o., West V irg in ia33»055 ( 1 s t )
Brooke C o., West V irg in ia $2,821 (4 th )fo r comparisonsake-Pima C o ., Arizona $2 ,982
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when they began hearing and reading about tremendous growth in Ca lifo r n ia , F lo r id a and even nearby Columbus and the am enities th ese p la ce s had to o f f e r . The area f a i le d toshare in the in ta n g ib le f e e l in g s o f m o b ility ,freedom and p ro sp er ity th a t seemed to grip the r e s t o fthe country during the post-w ar p eriod .
U n til r e c e n t ly , w ith the com pletion o f the lim itedaccess U .S. 22 s tr a ig h t in to P ittsb u rg h , the 45 m ilesth a t separated S te u b en v ille from P ittsb u rgh might as well have been 4500 m ile s . Except fo r lo y a lty to th e P ir ate s and the S te e le r s , the two areas had few th in g s incommon. P ittsb u rg h in the 1950s became bold and in n o v a tive , try in g d esp era te ly to change the image o f the c i t yfrom a smoky, d ir ty s t e e l town to a modern corporateheadquarters c i t y and research c e n ter . Today, P ittsb u rghi s headquarters fo r more b lu e-ch ip corporations than any c i ty in the country except New York and Chicago (Fortune, S e p t . ,1974, 7 7 ) . S tr in g en t a ir and w ater p o llu t io n co ntro ls made tremendous improvements in P ittsb u r g h 's environment. During the same p er io d , the S teu b en v ille area changedvery l i t t l e . Water and a ir p o llu t io n l e v e l s are assevere now as in the p a s t , lo c a l r e s id e n ts f e e l thep o llu t io n w i l l always be th e re , as though i t were parto f the natural environment. . Of cou rse, to lo c a l r e s id e nts the p o llu t io n rep resen ts th e ir bread and b u tte r . It pays fo r th e ir homes, th e ir ca r s , v a ca tio n s andretirem ent in F lo r id a . I s o la t io n has precluded information from g e t t in g in to the region which would inform them tha t i t i s a c tu a lly p o s s ib le to minimize p o llu t io nand s t i l l have jo b s .
This b rin gs us to what I b e lie v e i s th e cen tra l causeo f the r e g io n 's apathy concerning the co n d itio n o f lo ca l urban a rea s. The r ich o f the reg io n , who might haveotherw ise contributed to the prob lem -so lv ing c a p a b i l i tie s o f th e reg io n , have not found i t n ecessary to do so .They have always been able to escape the environm ental nightmareby seek in g refuge at th ose p la ce s where the r ich u su a llygather in P ittsb u rg h , i . e . Fox Chapel, Upper S t . C la irCountry Club, e t c . , or they
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may spend much o f th e ir time in F lo r id a or the Bahamas.Increa sin g a fflu en ce and m o b ility has brought
F lo r id a and other areas much more w ith in the reach o f themiddle c la s s r e c e n t ly , so th a t v a ca tio n s have thee f f e c t o f making th e h o rr ib le l iv in g environmentbearable when one knows i t i s only a m atter o f tim e b efore hecan once again le a v e the a ir p o llu t io n and d ir t and headfo r clean a ir and sunsh ine. In a d d itio n , th e id ea th a tone w i l l escape from the p la ce as soon as he r e t ir e s o ffe r s some co n so la tio n to the steelw ork er during the v is ua l ly h o r r ify in g route to work each day.
Combined w ith th e lack o f any attem pts in tr y in g tochange the s ta tu s quo ex h ib ited by th ese two groups, th erei s th e fa c t th a t the young a d u lts lea v e th e area at the ir f i r s t op portu n ity . A weekend tr ip to Columbus orWashington D.C. or the 385 a ir fa re from P ittsb u rgh to Miamihas been the d ec id in g fa c to r to le a v e the Steubenv i l le area fo r la rg e numbers o f young a d u lts .
Higher p ercen tages o f the popu lation r e c e iv in g c o lleg e degrees has had l i t t l e e f f e c t on the prob lem -so lving c a p a b ility o f the reg ion s in ce many o f th e graduateslea v e the area . As members o f t h i s group le a v e , they arereplaced by a con stant stream o f poor and uneducated peop le fromthe southern p a r t s . o f West V ir g in ia , Eastern Ohio andWestern P ennsylvania a ttra c ted to the area by high wages in thes t e e l in d u stry . As a r e s u l t , th ere are no groups with in the reg ion who f in d any need to seek change or so lv e loc a l problem s. I t i s much sim pler to escape e ith e r temporarily or permanently or merely screen out the problems a lto g eth e r from o n e 's mind.
This deeply rooted apathy, the main c h a r a c te r is t ic o fthe reg io n a l p e r s o n a lity , i s the cause o f a l l the fa i lu r e s in v o lv in g p lann ing, development or community ac tio n in th e reg io n . I t destroyed my proposal b efore i twas ever rev ea led . This same reg io n a l apathy aborts id ea sb efore they are ever perm itted to grow and d evelop . There areno
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‘ in d ic a t io n s th a t t h i s s itu a t io n w i l lchange in the near fu tu r e .
IV, E valuation o f the In tern sh ip
The fa c t th a t the Brooke-H anco*ck-Jefferson M etropolitanPlanning Commission i s a m etropolitan agency and a m u lt i- s tate agency o p era tiv e in both the s ta te s o f Ohio and West Virg in ia was very advantageous w ith resp ect to my lea rn in gexp erien ce . Being a m etropolitan agency, our o f f ic e wasforced to confront a unique s e t o f problems encountered by sucha g en c ie s , I observed th e se problems in my d a ily work, butth e y . were most apparent at Commission m eetings and, o fcourse, in the newspapers where they q u ite o ften took the form of d iv is io n s and r iv a lr i e s w ith in the m etropolitan regio n . Being a m u ltis ta te agency, once again , connotes anothers e t o f unique problem s. These p o in ts at is s u e I observedin a s im ila r manner. Working w ith in the s ta te s o f Ohio andWest V irg in ia was very b e n e f ic ia l in i t s e l f . Beingin vo lved w ith the S ta te o f Ohio I was exposed to many o f thep ro cesse s of s ta te government as they fu n ctio n in one o fthe n ation *s la r g e s t s t a t e s w ith resp ect to p opulation and one o f i t s most h igh ly in d u s tr ia l iz e d . Atthe same tim e, being in volved w ith West V irg in ia , I was fortu n a te in ga in in g a more in tim ate view o f s ta tegovernment as can only be done in a sm aller s t a t e . Had Iserved as an in te rn in C a lifo r n ia , New York or I l l i n oi s , I never would have had the opportunity to attend many o f them eetings I was p resen t a t nor would I have been able to meet those peop le who hold some o f the most re sp o n sib le p o s it ion s in s ta te government.
As I mentioned e a r l ie r , my in tern sh ip was stru cturedso th a t I worked on a s e r ie s o f one or two week assignments, some lo n g er . I am p leased i t was stru ctured in t h i sway.To some, one or two la rg e assignm ents appears to be a b e tte r framework from which to work w ith . I tend to b e lie v e oneor two la rg e assignm ents might l im it or con fin e the scope of
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on e's p r a c t ic a l exp erien ce , the experience being themain reason fo r the in te r n sh ip . To en rich t h is p r a c tic a l ex p er ien ce , I b e lie v e i t i s e s s e n t ia l fo rthe in tern to attend as many m eetings and seminars as p o s s ible . Because my D irecto r had s im ila r v iew s, I was most fortu n a te in having the opportunity to do so .
One o f the n eg a tiv e a sp ec ts o f my in tern sh ip was rela ted to the fa c t th a t my ed u cational background and wide tra v e l experience was freq u en tly ignored . I t was apparent tha t some o f the staff"members o f the p lanning - agency were v ictim s o f i s o la t io n to the same degree as th e ir c o n s titu e n ts . T herefore, re feren ces as to how th in g s are donein C a lifo r n ia , Arizona or F lo r id a u su a lly met w ith op p o sitio n or complete d is in t e r e s t , a very fr u s tr at in g experience s in ce many tim es the so lu t io n th a tworked in C a lifo rn ia or F lo r id a would a lso work in the BHJreg io n . I am convinced th a t t a s t e , the use o f imagination in so lv in g problems and the r e a liz a tio n - o fnumerous p o te n t ia l a lte r n a t iv e s in a problem s itu at io n are products o f constant exposure to d iv erse natural andhuman environm ents. I know, in my l i f e , I have had g rea terexposure, in t h is regard, than most at BHJ. This fa c t shouldnot have produced resentm ent, but u n fortu n ately it." d id.
My b r ie f academic tr a in in g at the U n iv ersity OfArizona p r io r to my in tern sh ip was very v a lu a b le . Insev era l assignm ents I was able to draw upon th in g s I hadlearned in Geography 257 and P lanning Methods. The courses I hadtaken in Urban S a n ita tio n and T ransportation Planning were use fu l in the sense th a t they had introduced me to term inologyso th a t I was able to understand many terms used in the o f f i ce . I was a lso ab le to r e la te to concepts and th e o r ie s discu ssed in Planning Theory and, as a r e s u l t , b e lie v e inthe concept o f the p lanner as an advocate more than ever . I b elie v e i t would have been to my advantage to have had P lanningLaw p r io r to my in tern sh ip . The one recommendation I wouldmake to the Urban
(33)
• P lanning Department i s th a t they encourage stu d en ts totake courses in government and p o l i t i c s . I'm sure ouragency was chained to p o l i t i c s much more than most, but asfa r as I'm concerned, the need to understand p o l i t i c s and it s r e la t io n sh ip to p lanning cannot be s tr e sse d toomuch.
In lo o k in g back, I f e e l th a t most o f my work assignments were ed u ca tio n a lly b e n e f ic ia l in variou s ways,some more so than o th e r s . Although i t i s d i f f i c u l tto p in p o in t s p e c if ic b e n e f it s obtained from my inte rn sh ip , the o v e r a ll experience was very w orthwhile.
Recommendation s
In the United S ta te s th ere e x i s t s a h ierarchy among of f i c e workers. The most c le a r m a n ifesta tio n o f t h isi s the paycheck. That i s , the g rea ter o n e 's paycheck, the higher o n e 's ascribed s ta tu s . I have come to the con clu sionth a t the grant I rece ived from the S ta te o f West V irg in iashould have supplemented my pay as an in te r n , not compose 50/5o f what I was payed. I th ink i t should be kept in mind th a tthough the in tern la ck s exp erien ce , he i s alm ost always a co lle g e graduate and should be trea ted as such. My paycheckascribed a s ta tu s to me th a t did not r e f l e c t mybackground and I experienced d i f f i c u l t y in r e la t io n sw ith other s t a f f members freq u en tly on account o f t h i s. I was able to accept the in tern sh ip at the pay sc a le I was offered on ly because I l iv e d w ith my parents "those e ig h tmonths.I f an agency w ishes to draw in te rn s from o u tsid eareas the pay sc a le w i l l have to be in creased as i t i s verydoubtfu l th a t fu tu re a p p lica n ts w i l l have fam ily l ivin g in th e area as I d id . My op in ion s are not arb itrary orunreasonable.In the summer o f 1969, ASPO found the average sa lary fo r in te r n s to be 8450 per month which i s more than I madein 1974 (Harder, 1969). I t appears th a t we are a lon g way fromse e in g p lann ing in te r n s trea ted in a manner s im ila rto
th e way we tr e a t m edical in tern s or bankingmanagement
t r a in e e s .
(35)Appendices
Appendix A ..............................In d ica tio n o fattendance at the(p» 36) Interagency Environmental Coordin
a tio n Workshop held in C harleston .
Appendix B .............................. In d ica tio n o fCommission m eeting(p* 33) attendance.
Appendix C .............................. Sample from assignment sh eet required(p« 39) by the West V irg in ia O ffic e o fFederal
State Relations.
Appendix D ............. Sample from charts done for Regional(p.40) Housing Seminar.
Appendix E .............................. Front cover d ra ft of the R egional(p . 41) Comprehensive Development P lanpamphlet.
Appendix A (36)
REGISTRATIONINTERAGENCY ENVIliONMENTAI, COORDINATION
WORKSHOP
NAME ORGANIZATION
1. Troxell 0. Mason2. W. A. Hartig3. C. E. Penn4. E. R. Patton5.Guy W. Mick6. Burke L, Thompson7. Jerry Elliott8. Joe Currico9. M.L. Thomas10. Steven Morrison11. Bill Lynch12. George Walker13.Rebecca Martin14. Charles Patton15. Don Walker16. Phil Sheets17.Rodney L. Welder18. A. L. Fleshman, Jr,19. Glenn F. Fowlkes20.Stanley C. Goard21. Gary D. Lanham22. Randy Curtis23. Mel Brenan24.William Wood25. John K. Lett26. R. E. Titus27. Garland Steele28.John O'Leary29. Richard Hanlon30. Charles W. Hinkle
DOH - Roadside Development DivisionDOH - Chief Engineer,DesignDOH - Right of Way DivisionDOH - Right of Way DivisionDOH -Right of Way DivisionDOH - M.C.S.5T. DivisionDOH - Right of WayDivisionDOH - Right of Way DivisionDOH - Roadside DevelopmentDOH -Right of Way DivisionDOH - Roadside DevelopmentDOH ConstructionDivisionDOH - Construction DivisionDOH - Project § EnvironmentalReview Div.DOH - Project 5 Environmental Review Div.DOH - Project 8Environmental Review Div.DOH - Advance PlanningDOH - Project $Environmental Review Div.DOH - Project § Environmental ReviewDiv.DOH - Roadside DevelopmentDOH - Right of Way DivisionDOH -Advance Planning DivisionDOH - Advance Planning DivisionDOH -Advance Planning DivisionDOH - Advance Planning DivisionDOH -Project § Environmental Review Div.DOH - M.C.S.5T. DivisionDOH -M.C.S.8T. DivisionDOH - M.C.S.^T. DivisionDOH - M.C.S4T.Division
1. John Webster FHWA - West Virginia2. Alex Almeida FHWA - WestVirginia3. Bob Anderson FHWA - West Virginia4. George Sparks FHWA -West Virginia5. Steve Weaver FHWA - West Virginia6. Larry W. SmithFHWA - West Virginia7. H. Wang FHWA - West Virginia8. C. KlemstineFHWA - West Virginia
(continued on next page)
Appendix A (37)
NAME ORitvxirAnox
9. N. Smith10. Gale Macklay11. John MeBee12. W. li. Gibson13. R.J. Robinson14. F. E. Cinfel15. W. A. Prosser16. J. R. Anderson17.Ronald S. Dattilo18. Don Ashcroft19. Jon Venura20. Rex Wells21. DonDeuterman22. R. B. Welton23. John Kruegler24. E. B. Nobles25.Ronald M. Hill26. John R. Stevens27. David A. Kelley28. W. S.Lattin29. Jesse R. Chaves30. Ray Bergeron31. Robert Belichick32. E.J. Foreman33. Monte Darden34. M. L. Corry35. Gary Larsen
FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West VirginiaFHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA- West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA -West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - WestVirginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - WestVirginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - West Virginia FHWA - WestVirginia FHWA - Baltimore, Maryland FHWA - Baltimore, Maryland FHWA- Baltimore, Maryland FHWA - Baltimore, Maryland FHWA - Baltimore,Maryland FHWA - Washington, D.C. FHWA - Washington, D. C. FHWA -Baltimore, Maryland
1. Paul Nicherson2. James E. Harding3. Marlene Herslunan4. G. 0.Fortney5. William W. Bradford6. Tom Hankins7. Hi Burgess8. BettyBroyles9. Ralph Cipriani10. Gary Dufour11. Bill Santonas
Department of InteriorWest Virginia Antiquities CommissionWestVirginia Antiquities CommissionWest Virginia Health DepartmentWestVirginia Health DepartmentWest Virginia College of GraduateStudiesRegion I - BeckleyWest Virginia GeologicalSurveyBHJ-BHJTSBHJ-BHJTSDNR - Morgantown
Appendix B (38)
MINUTES OF THE JOINT MEETING OF THE
BROOKE-HANco*ck-JEFFERSON METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMISSIONANDTHE
BHJ TRANSPORTATION STUDY POLICY COMMITTEESTEUBENVILLE. COUNCILCHAMBERS WEDNESDAY, MARCH 10, 1974
PART I - BHJTS * **- ATTENDANCE
Members:Arthur Bartell, Chairman Matt Cavanaugh John CipolettiRolland Crabtree Frank Januszkiewicz Walter Durkin Ralph P. JonesKenneth Joy
**Dave Kindsvatter Robert Manypenny
**Lyman C. MastStanley J. Paprocki, Jr.
**Edison E. Roush Michael Sinicropi Robert Smogor Ray Stoaks
**Fred VanKirk Henry A. WilsonOthers:
Mayor, Wintersville, Ohio Councilman, Wintersville Wellsburg, W.Va.Commissioner, Brooke CountyJefferson County PlanningCommissionWellsburg Planning CommissionWeirton CouncilMayor, NewCumberlandSteubenville Planning CommissionNew CumberlandCouncilODOT, District 11Steubenville CouncilFHWA, ColumbusHanco*ckPlanning CommissionSteubenville Planning CommissionCommissioner,Brooke CountyW. Va. DOHBrooke County Commissioner
Ed EllisJohn H. McClainAncher Madison
ODOT, ColumbusODOT, District 11City Engineer, Steubenville
Mrs. R. Cipriani Pat DeFrancis Elizabeth Gurgacz Vince GurreraCeleste Michaels Pam Shuman Robert Wise
FollansbeeWheeling Intelligencer SteubenvilleWeirton Mayor'sAdvisory Comm. WSTV - RadioW.Va. House of DelegatesSteubenville
Staff:Robert W. Wirgau, AIP Executive Director Lowery K. Bailey,Region XI Project Director Ralph Cirpiani, Intern Gary DuFour,Community Coordinator Mary Ellen Groves, Secretary**Member BHJTSPolicy Committee
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OVERCROWDING 1960-1970 Appendix D ( 40 )
I960 1970
No. U n i t s No. U n i t s% o f Al lw i t h 1.01 % o f AM w i th 1.01
o r more Occup l ed o r more O c cu p 1edCounty Per sons /RoomUn I t s Pe r son s /Roo m Un 1 t s
Brooke 973 12. 1 71 1 7. 8Hanco*ck 1206 10 .8 1003 8 . 3J e f f er s o n 3057 10.5 2213 7 . 4
Region 5236 10.8 3927
VO
OccupIed U n i t s w i t h
morePe r sons /Room
J e f f Reg I onBrooke Han co*ck
I960 1970
S o u r c e : I960 and 1970 Census o f P o p u l a t i o n andHous ing
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(42)
R eferences
• American E le c tr ic Power, Annual R eport, 1967.
Brooke-H anco*ck-Jefferson M etropolitan PlanningCommission,Annual R eport« 1973.
Harder, Jacquelyn K ., "Student In tern sh ip s ," ASPO PlanningAdvisory S erv ice Report No. 246, May, 1969.
Lewis, P ierce "Small Town in P en n sy lv a n ia ," Annals o fthe A sso c ia tio n o f American Geographers. V ol. 62, No. 2(June, 1972) pp. 323-351.
"Merchants Consider Mall C ounteraction," W heeling I n te l lig e n c e r , January 31, 1974.
Minutes o f the J o in t Meeting o f 3KJ and BHJTS P o lic yCommittee. March 10, 1974.
P helps Dodge, "Phelps Dodge S a lu tes P it tsb u r g h ,"Fortune Magaz in e , September, 1974, p . 77.
R o th b la tt , Donald, Regional Planning: The AppalachianE xperien ce, L exington, M ass., Heath Lexington Books, 1971.
U .S. Dept, o f Commerce, County and C ity Data Book, 1972.
U .S. Environmental P ro tec tio n Agency, I n te r s ta te S urv e illa n ce P ro jec t: Measurement o f Air P o llu tio n UsingS ta t ic M onitors. May, 1971.
W heeling-P ittsburgh S te e l C orporation, Annual R eport,1968.
